*3 INDIKATOR PRASYARAT MENUJU NEW NORMAL INDONESIA*
WHO memberikan beberapa indikator yang diminta untuk dapat dipatuhi oleh semua negara di dunia dalam rangka menyesuaikan kehidupan normalnya, new normal-nya itu dengan Covid-19, sebelum vaksin ditemukan.
Indikator dimaksud, adalah sebagai berikut:
*Pertama*, adalah terkait dengan bagaimana untuk *tidak menambah penularan atau memperluas penularan atau semaksimalnya mengurangi penularan.*
“Ada sebuah cara untuk menghitung, yaitu apa yang disebut dengan *basic reproduction number.* Jadi basic reproduction number itu adalah sebuah *angka yang menunjukkan sebuah virus atau sebuah bakteri atau sebuah penyakit itu bagaimana daya tularnya dari seseorang ke orang lain,”* terang Menteri PPN.
Misalnya, Menteri PPN mencontohkan campak itu daya tularnya itu 12-18 yang artinya basic reproduction number-nya atau yang disingkat dengan R0/R naugth kalau disebutnya.
“R naught itu tulisannya N A U G H T, R naught, itu campak itu 12-18 dan dia melalui aerosol. Kemudian ada juga misalnya batuk rejan atau pertusis itu 5,5. Kemudian kalau kita ingat Flu Spanyol pada 100 tahun yang lalu itu 1,4 sampai 2,8,” kata Menteri PPN.
Artinya, menurut Suharso, *satu orang itu bisa menularkan sampai 2-3 orang dan Covid-19-19 di seluruh dunia itu yang direkam oleh WHO adalah dari 1,9 sampai 5,7 R0-nya*.
Untuk Indonesia, Menteri PPN sampaikan bahwa sampai hari ini diperkirakan *2,5 yang artinya 1 orang itu bisa menularkan ke 2 atau 3 orang*.
“Tugas kita adalah bagaimana pada waktu tertentu kita bisa menurunkan R0 itu dari yang namanya 2,5 atau 2,6 persisnya menjadi di bawah 1, artinya dia tidak sampai menularkan ke orang lain,” tandas Menteri PPN.
Caranya, menurut Menteri PPN, adalah banyak hal dan ini *tidak bisa melalui modifikasi cara kampanye vaksinasi, tidak,* tetapi ini hanya dapat dimodifikasi melalui satu *intervensi sosial* yang bentuknya antara lain yang kita lakukan, seperti *PSBB (Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar) sekarang.*
“Beberapa kebijakan publik yang diambil oleh pemerintah, dan melindungi wajah dan seterusnya dengan menggunakan masker. Jadi itu caranya adalah untuk kita bagaimana mendapatkan apa yang disebut dengan R0 itu. Jadi R0 itu akan kita tekan sedemikian rupa,” kata Menteri PPN.
R0 itu, lanjut Menteri PPN, pada waktu t disebut dengan *Rt (effective reproduction number).* Jadi bukan Rukun Tetangga tetapi Rt, Rt.
“Sekarang kita akan menghitung itu untuk semua kabupaten/kota dan seluruh provinsi di Indonesia. Itu indikator pertama yang kita akan gunakan, yaitu R0 atau Rt-nya,” ujarnya.
*Kedua*, menggunakan indikator sistem kesehatan yakni *seberapa tinggi adaptasi dan kapasitas dari sistem kesehatan bisa merespons untuk pelayanan Covis-19*.
“Jadi apabila nanti ada penularan baru atau ada yang mesti dirawat itu benar-benar tersedia atau tidak. Jadi misalnya *jumlah kasus yang baru itu jumlahnya harus lebih kecil dari kapasitas pelayanan kesehatan yang bisa disediakan,”* katanya.
Kapasitas pelayanan kesehatan yang disediakan itu, menurut Menteri PPN, harusnya 60% dari total kapasitas kesehatan, misalnya, kalau sebuah rumah sakit punya 100 tempat tidur, maka maksimum 60 tempat tidur itu untuk Covid-19.
“Nah, pasien baru yang datang itu jumlahnya dalam sekian hari itu harus di bawah 60. Itu yang disebut dengan kapasitas sistem kesehatan yang terukur yang bisa dipakai dalam rangka apakah kita melonggarkan atau tidak melonggarkan, mengurangi atau tidak mengurangi PSBB,” jelasnya.
*Ketiga*, adalah *surveilans* yakni cara *menguji seseorang atau sekelompok kerumunan apakah dia berpotensi memiliki Covid-19 atau tidak sehingga dilakukan tes masif.*
“Nah tes masif kita ini hari ini termasuk yang rendah di dunia. Kita sekarang ini baru mencapai *743 per 1 juta, atau sekarang sudah 202.936 orang* yang dites,” ujarnya.
Dengan kapasitas yang sekarang, lanjut Menteri PPN sudah naik 10.000 sampai 12.000 (tes per hari), bahkan kemarin tanggal 18 Mei sudah mencapai 12 ribu lebih tes, maka diharapkan dalam 1 bulan ke depan kita bisa mencapai angka 1.838 per 1 juta penduduk.
“Nanti kita bandingkan sekarang dengan Malaysia, Malaysia itu 14.304, Filipina 2.238, Brasil yang relatif hampir sama kayak Indonesia itu 3.462, Vietnam 2.828, Thailand lebih tinggi lagi 4.099, India 1.744,” tandasnya.
Seperti arahan Presiden Joko Widodo (Jokowi) bahwa semua itu harus melakukan tes masif secara cepat dan dengan jumlah yang masif.
“Mudah-mudahan ke depan benar-benar kita bisa sampai 12 ribu. Kalau itu bisa 12 ribu mudah-mudahan kita per 1 juta-nya akan semakin tinggi,” katanya.
Dengan *3 indikator itu, Pemerintah akan menempatkan sebuah daerah itu siap atau tidak dan WHO mensyaratkan R0-nya tadi itu atau R0 pada waktu t atau Rt, itu setidak-tidaknya dalam waktu 14 hari*.
“Jadi kalau *sudah 14 hari itu posisinya di bawah 1, maka daerah itu dinyatakan siap untuk melakukan penyesuaian atau pengurangan PSBB.* Itu yang penting,” tambahnya.
Pemerintah, menurut Menlu, ingin menyampaikan kepada publik bahwa *mari kita sama-sama, bekerja sama, bergotong royong, concern/peduli untuk menurunkan angka R0* itu.
“Jadi kalau angka R0 itu bisa di bawah 1, itu artinya partisipasi publik semua, jadi bukan hanya pemerintah. Jadi pemerintah hanya memberikan kebijakan-kebijakannya tetapi semuanya terpulang kepada kehidupan, cara-cara hidup kita yang baru kita nanti, disiplin kita,” tandasnya.
Menurut Menteri PPN, dan Semakin turun R0-nya itu maka semakin lebih baik kita hidup bersama Covid-19 secara aman sehingga bisa kembali dengan kehidupan yang produktif.
Bappenas, menurut Menteri bappenas yang telah mencoba menyiapkan dashboard untuk kabupaten dan provinsi seluruh Indonesia, sehingga bisa lihat daerah mana saja yang sudah boleh pada 14 hari ke depan dan mana yang belum boleh, dan kalau boleh itu dengan cara seperti apa.
“Yang penting yang harus kita ingat bahwa menurunya R0 tadi itu bukan berarti virusnya hilang, tidak, tetapi virusnya itu kita bisa kendalikan,” urai Kepala Bappenas.
Jadi sekali lagi, Pemerintah belum berhasil menemukan virus dan belum bisa kendalikan dan potensi daya tularnya itu tidak sebagaimana angka 2,5 tadi, tapi di bawah 1.
“Jadi dengan cara *physical distancing, kemudian mengurangi kontak fisik, kemudian kalau tidak perlu sekali ya kita tidak perlu harus ke luar rumah, kalau kita pergi ke satu tempat yang terbuka apa yang harus kita lakukan, semua ada protokolnya,”* ujarnya.
Protokolnya itu, menurut Menteri PPN nanti akan *disiapkan, harus dipromosikan, dikampanyekan, dan berharap pers bisa ikut membantu dan semua untuk bisa hidup kembali atau hidup dalam new normal.*
“Kampanye tentang *bagaimana hidup dengan new normal itu, yaitu bagaimana nanti sikap kita di dalam restoran, di bandara, di pelabuhan, di stasiun kereta, di mana saja, ketika kita itu (berada di tempat) yang ada punya potensi kontak kepada orang lain*. itu yang ingin saya sampaikan,” urainya.
Hari ini, sambung Mensos bahwa angka reproduksi efektif atau Rt tadi itu relatif Indonesia sebenarnya sudah mendekati 1, secara nasional itu sudah mendekati 1 (sekitar) 1,17 secara nasional.
Sumber: setkab.go.id pada keterangan Soeharso Manoarfa
Menteri PPN/Kepala Bappenas 20 Mei 2020
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